Ladder of Inference
Purpose
Surface and test the assumptions driving conclusions and actions
How to Use
1. Introduce the seven rungs: Observable data → Selected data → Meaning added → Assumptions → Conclusions → Beliefs → Actions. 2. Take a recent conflict or difficult decision as a case. 3. Start at the top (the action taken) and walk back down the ladder: what beliefs drove that? What conclusions? What assumptions? 4. Return to the observable data and ask what else could be seen there. 5. Identify where the thinking went off-track and what more productive conclusions might look like.
Created by Chris Argyris (developed by Peter Senge for The Fifth Discipline)
When to Use
This tool is suited to the following coaching and facilitation contexts:
| Context | Relevant |
|---|---|
| Individual Coaching | |
| Team Coaching | |
| Leadership Development | |
| Facilitation / Workshop | |
| Online / Virtual |